RESEARCH effect of Transcendental Meditation is very thoroughly investigated. Over 340 studies have been published in reputable scientific journals, which are per-reviewed, that is reviewed by the independent review committee before they are published. In total more than 650 studies published. Many prospective randomized. ie the effect of the group who learned Transcendental Meditation is compared over time with a control group who received a second treatment or health education. All the research is collected in 8 major books - "". April 2013 published the American Heart Association (AHA) report on the treatment of hypertension with alternative therapies. AHA underwent bl. a. all forms of meditation and found that only Transcendental Meditation had documentation in order to reduce blood pressure with safety. Below are AHA's statement: Summary of Policy Statement Issued by the American Heart Association (April2013):                                                                       According to the American Heart Association, the Transcendental Meditation technique is the only meditation practice that has been shown to lower blood pressure. The AHA’s scientific statement* said: “Because of many negative studies or mixed results and a paucity of available trials, all other meditation techniques [including Mindfulness] received a ‘Class III, no benefit, Level of Evidence C’ recommendation. Thus, other meditation techniques are not recommended in clinical practice to lower BP at this time.” Reduced rates of death, heart attack and stroke The AHA scientific statement also reported the finding that lower blood pressure through Transcendental Meditation practice is associated with substantially reduced rates of death, heart attack and stroke. The AHA scientific statement concludes that alternative treatments that include the Transcendental Meditation technique are recommended for considerationin treatment plans for all individuals with blood pressure greater than 120/80 mm Hg. * Brook RD et al., Beyond Medications and Diet: Alternative Approaches to Lowering Blood Pressure. A Scientific Statement from the American Heart Association. Hypertension, 61:00, 2013.   Der er megen forskel på virkningen af forskellige meditationsformer, hvilket kan vises ved  EEG (elektroencefalografi), som videoen med Hjerneforskeren Fred Travis viser    samt Youtu.be/FQ2bhhK89MM  (Clinical neuropsychologist Dr. Bill Stixrud and neuroscientist Dr. Fred Travis during a Q&A with DLF’s Bob Roth on the subject of meditation and the brain. This event was held at NYC’s Rubin Museum of Art and featured a live EEG scan of the brain during Transcendental Meditation.)   Nedenfor er et lille udvalg af forskningen (nederst undersøgelser over gruppeeffekt):                                                                                                                                                            40 scientific papers on Transcendental Meditation (click on links for curves and detailed description) From www..com Clinical practice guidelines for supportive care of patients treated for (2014) in transcendental meditation practitioners (2014) in product development engineers: A canonical correlation analysis (2014) Significant Reductions in inom 10 days of Transcendental meditation practice (2014) Effect of Transcendental meditation on: A randomized controlled study (2014) during meditation practice (2014) Effects of the Transcendental meditation technique on: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (2013) Effect of the Transcendental Meditation program on the students attending an urban public high school (2013) Beyond medications and diet:. A scientific statement from the American Heart Association (2013) Effects of behavioral stress reduction Transcendental Meditation intervention in (2013) Stress reduction in the secondary (2012) Impact ofTranscendental Meditation on in African American adolescents (2012) Effects of Transcendental Meditation in Veterans of Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom with : A Pilot Study (2011) , and Transcendental Meditation practice (2011) Neurofeedback-enhanced of meditators and non-meditators and associated subjective experiences (2011) and Transcendental Meditation: A study with at-risk urban middle school students (2011) The effect of meditation on self-reported measures of  in a college population (2011) Transcendental Meditation program and (2010) A randomized controlled trial on effects of the Transcendental Meditation program on in young adults (2009) Effects of Transcendental Meditation practice on in college students (2009) : an empirical study (2008) Effects of Transcendental Meditation on : a before-after study (2008) to Transcendental Meditation: A meta-analysis (2008) Use of the Transcendental Meditation technique to reduce symptoms of by reducing stress andanxiety: An exploratory study (2008) Effectiveness of Transcendental Meditation on : A randomized control study (2007) : a systematic review and meta-analysis (2007) The experience of Transcendental Meditation in : A qualitative report (2006) Effects of a randomized controlled trial of Transcendental Meditation on components of the (2006) Cross-sectional and longitudinal study of effects of Transcendental Meditation practice on (2006) Accelerating: Longitudinal studies with preschool and elementary school children (2005) : The role of awareness training in child development (2005) Long-term in persons ≥55 years of age with systemic hypertension (2005) A comparative study of dimensions of practicing the Transcendental Meditation program for 5 years or more or for less than a year (2004) Impact of stress reduction on in adolescents (2003) Part 2: Effectiveness of the Transcendental Meditation Program in Treatment and Prevention (2002) in practitioners of the transcendental meditationtechnique (2001) Impact of Transcendental Meditation on in adolescents with high normal blood pressure (2001) Effects of in hypertensive African Americans (2000) and the Transcendental Meditation program in a Swedish top management (1999) Effects of the Transcendental Meditation program on adaptive mechanisms: changes in after 4 months of practice (1997) Effects on of Transcendental Meditation (1996) The role of the Transcendental Meditation technique in: A longitudinal study (1994) through Transcendental Meditation: A review and statistical meta-analysis (1994) Effectiveness of broad spectrum approaches to : A long-term, randomized, controlled trial of Transcendental Meditation, EMG biofeedback and electronic neurotherapy (1994) Read more on meditation studies!   Forsknings referencer: Nedenstående links bringer dig til hjemmesiden:   Klik på links for at få referencer på undersøgelser af Transcendental Meditation indenfor forskellige områder af sundhed, kognitive funktioner, socialbehavior and the effect of group meditation: Studies of Transcendental Meditation placed on the following scientific journals around the world: A more omfattende list of 160 U.S. and international peer-reviewed journals thathave published research on the Transcendental Meditation program are then stole below. Note that several journals having published more than one paper on TM research. Academy of Management Journal, The Addictive Behaviors AGE Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly Alternative Therapies in Clinical Practice American Journal of Cardiology, American Journal of Health Promotion American Journal of Hypertension American Journal of Managed Care American Journal of Psychiatry American Psychologist American Journal of Physiology Annals of Behavioral Medicine Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences Anxiety, Stress and Coping Archives of Scientists' Transcendent Experiences, The Australian Family Physician Behavioral Medicine Biofeedback Biological Psychology Biologische MedizinBritish Journal of Educational Psychology British Journal of Psychology British Journal of Nursing Biulleten Eksperimental Biologii Meditsiny [Russian] Bulletin of the American Physical Society Bulletin of the Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors Bulletin on Narcotics Business and Health Caribbean Journal of Criminology and Social Psychology Circulation Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology Clinical Research College Student Journal Consciousness and Cognition Criminal Justice and Behavior Dreaming Drug Forum Education Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology Encyclopedia of Psychology Ethnicity and Disease European Journal of Endocrinology (formerly Acta Endocrinologica) Experientia Experimental Neurology Fiziologiia Cheloveka Frontiers in Bioscience Harefuah, the Journal of the Israel Medical Association Health and Quality of Life Outcomes Health Promotion Higher stages of human development: Perspectives on adult growth Homeostasis Hormones andBehavior Hospital & Community Psychiatry Hypertension India Defense Consultants: Intelligence International Journal of the Addictions International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice International Journal of Healing and Caring, The International Journal of Neuroscience International Journal of Psychophysiology International Journal of Psychosomatics International Journal of the Addictions, The International Journal of Healing and Caring, The Japanese Journal of Industrial Health Japanese Journal of Public Health Journal of Adult Development Journal of Aging and Health Journal of Applied Physiology: Respiratory, Environmental and Exercise Physiology Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, The Journal of Behavioral Medicine Journal of Biomedicine Journal of Business & Psychology Journal of Chronic Disease and Therapeutic Research Journal of Clinical Psychiatry Journal of Clinical Psychology Journal of Conflict Resolution Journal of Counseling and DevelopmentJournal of Counseling Psychology Journal of Creative Behavior, The Journal of Crime and Justice Journal of Criminal Justice Journal of Human Stress Journal of Humanistic Psychology Journal of Hypertension Journal of Indian Psychology Journal of Inhalation Technology Journal of Management Education Journal of Mind and Behavior, The Journal of Moral Education, The Journal of the National Medical Association Journal of Neural Transmission Journal of Offender Rehabilitation Journal of Personality and Social Psychology Journal of Personality Assessment Journal of Psychology Journal of Psychosomatic Research Journal of Social Behavior and Personality Journal of Transnational Management Development Journal of the American Society of Psychosomatic Dentistry and Medicine Journal of the Canadian Medical Association Journal of the National Medical Association L’ Encephale Lancet Le Medecin du Quebec Medical Hypotheses Medizinische Klinik Memory and Cognition Modern Science and Vedic ScienceMotivation, Motor and Sensory Processes of the Brain, Progress in Brain Research Neuroendocrinology Letters Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews Organizational Change Management Perceptual and Motor Skills Perspectives on human security Personality and Individual Differences Psychological Reports Physiologist, The Physiology & Behavior Psychology, Crime & Law Psychoneuroendocrinology Psychophysiology Proceedings of the American Statistical Association, Business and Economics Statistics Proceedings of the Conference on Restorative Neurophysiology, Irkutsk, Russia Proceedings of the Midwest Management Society Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Race, Ethnicity, and Health Psychologia—An International Journal of Psychology in the Orient Psychological Reports Psychoneuroendocrinology Psychopathometrie Psychophysiology Psychosomatic Medicine Psychotherapie-Psychosomatik Medizinische Psychologie Respiration Self-Awareness Deficits [edited book] Security and Political RiskAnalysis (SAPRA) Science Scientific American Sleep Social Indicators Research Social Science Perspectives Journal Society for Neuroscience Abstracts Stroke Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen Tijdschrift voor Psychologie (Behavior: Journal of Psychology) Tidsskrift for den Norske laegeforening TQM Magazine, The Transactions of the American Society for Neurochemistry Western Psychologist Zeitschrift fur Elektroenzephalographie und Elektromyographie Zeitschrift fur Klinische Psychologie   Følgende sammendrag er lavet i 2002 og viser et udvalg af undersøgelser offentligjort før 2002: SAMMENDRAGET Sammendrag af udvalgte undersøgelser over virkningerne af Transcendental Meditation og TM-Sidhi programmet Forskning over Transcendental Meditation og TM-Sidhi programmet Da begrebet meditation blev mere almindeligt kendt i 60’erne og 70’erne var den almindelige holdning givetvis, at udøvelse af meditation næppe havde nogen objektivt målelig effekt for den enkelte udøver. Fra begyndelsen af 70’erne blev detHowever, by a variety of studies established that during the Transcendental Meditation entered a state of the body that was markedly different from the physiological conditions that were attached to the three known main consciousness, waking, dream and deep sleep. The "new" condition was described on 4 main state of consciousness, or a state of "restful alertness". As stated research also the favorable effects that experience of that state conferred the mind and body outside the meditation periods. Then came probably a time when you recognized the significant effects of regular meditation, but with the assumption that all the various meditation forms probably had about equal effects on the individual. As the exploration not only of Transcendental Meditation (for the over 500 studies, see the General section on research) but also a variety of other meditation and relaxation forms became more and morecomprehensive, it has to an increasing extent been possible to establish comparative so-called "meta" studies of different techniques effect. For example, meta-analyzes of respectively 146 independent results concerning. reduction in anxiety and agitation, and meta-analysis of 42 studies on. self-actualization, demonstrated that the TM technique in comparison with the other studied techniques had a two to three times the effect. After more than 30 years of research, there is now in other words, provided an overview that allows professionals to argue that not all the printing has the same effect, but on the other hand transcendental meditation both in its practice and in terms of the spontaneous, profound positive effects are quite unique in the world today. Below interested go into detail the various research areas, although it is worth pointing out that there are constantly added new results to research. News In spring 2000, it has attracted attention onWorldwide, the American Heart Association's professional journal "Stroke" in no. 31/2000 published a study of TM's preventive effect on cardiovascular disease. In "Dagens Medicin" no. 8, d. 03.09.00, brought the following summary of the article: "Daily Transcendental Meditation can prevent atherosclerosis in the carotid artery and thus lower the risk of including stroke, suggests a pilot study presented in the "STROKE". The work was 138 African Americans with mild to moderate hypertension divided into two groups for six to nine months either meditating twice 20 minutes a day, or follow a training program on risk factors for cardiovascular disease, which also involved daily activities. 60 patients received ultrasound certain wall thickness of the carotid artery (intima-media thickness, IMT). IMT is perceived as a reliable surrogate marker that reflects the individual's risk of stroke and heart attack. On average fell IMT with 0.098 mm among the meditators whileincreased by 0.054 mm in the training group. Translated into real-world authors estimate that the decline in the IMT in the meditation group involves 11 per cent. lower risk of a heart attack and 8-10 per cent. lower risk of stroke "Also DR-Direct brought a 6-minute presentation of the new results. In the broadcast contributing factors doctor Henrik Westergaard, Odense University Hospital. 1. Cardiovascular diseases 1. High blood pressure 2. Cost-benefit analysis of Transcendental Meditation as a treatment for high blood pressure 3. Coronary artery disease 4. For high serum cholesterol 5. Cardiovascular mortality in the elderly 2. Lung Diseases 1. Asthma 3. Psychiatry 1. Neurotiseringsgrad 2. Anxiety and agitation 3. Post-traumatic stress disorder in Vietnam veterans 4. the security of the practice of Transcendental Meditation 4. Alcoholism, drug abuse and smoking 1. Alcoholism, drug abuse and cigarette smoking 2. Alcohol 3. Substance abuse 4. Smoking 5. Rehabilitation 1 . Mental health and relapse secondTranscendental Meditation in a rehabilitation program for prisons in Senegal 6. Health expenditure and consumption of services from health care 1. Admission Days at the hospital and a consultation with a doctor 2. Health expenditure and consumption of healthcare 3. The cost of treatment by GPs 7. Sociological studies on the Maharishi Effect 1. Impact of group practice of Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi program on the Middle East conflict and the quality of life in Israel 2. A model for social improvement. Time series analysis of a phase shift in crime in the metropolitan area Merseyside 8. Physiological effects of Transcendental Meditation 1. Physiological differences TM-exercise and rest 2. Metabolism during practice of the Transcendental Meditation 3. Cortisol response to stress stimuli 4. cortisol and testosterone -niveauet during practice of the Transcendental Meditation 5. the serotonin, noradrenaline and dopamine metabolism and Transcendental Meditation 9. Aging firstBiological aging 2. Transcendental Meditation and older 10. Self-development, self-actualization more about the research in English: www.tm.org 1. Cardiovascular disorders 1.1 Hypertension prospective, controlled, randomized, single-blind clinical study. Over a test period of 3 months compared the effects of high blood pressure by three different types of intervention: Transcendental Meditation, Progressive Muscle Relaxation 'and a program of lifestyle change used by practitioners in the United States (reduced intake of salt and calories as well as guidelines for exercise). Participants: 127 African Americans with mild to moderate hypertension (systolic blood pressure 189 mm Hg and diastolic blood pressure 90-109 mm Hg), age 55-85 years. Results: Transcendental Meditation reduced average systolic blood pressure by 10.7 mm Hg (p <0.0003) and diastolic blood pressure of 6.4 mm Hg (p <0.00005), which was twice as effective as 'Progressive Muscle Relaxation'.The program for change of lifestyle had no measurable effect. Analysis of the results from different subgroups showed that Transcendental Meditation lowered blood pressure in both men and women and in all studied high or low risk m.h.t. cardiovascular risk factors: 1) obesity 2) increased alcohol intake 3) lack of exercise 4) high salt intake 5) increased psychosocial stress and 6) an index composed of the previous five factors. Ref .: R. H. Schneider, F. et al staggers. (1995). A Randomized Controlled Trial of Stress Reduction for Hypertension in Older African Americans. Hypertension, 26: 820-827. Alexander C. N., Schneider R. H., et al. (1996). A Trial of Stress Reduction for Hypertension in Older African Americans. (Part II): Gender and Risk Subgroup Analysis. Hypertension, 28: 228-237. 1.2 Cost-benefit analysis of Transcendental Meditation as a treatment for high blood pressure Transcendental Meditation as intervention for mild to moderate hypertensioncompared theoretically over a 20-year period, with 5 different pharmacological therapies (propanololhydroklorid, hydrochlorothiazide, nifedipine, prazosin, captopril). As a basis for the financial calculations used expenses: 1. monotherapy with either TM or one of the pharmacological treatments 2. treatment of side effects of pharmacological treatment (2% surcharge) 3 3 annual doctor visits with two blood tests for all patients. Results: Treatment Dose (mg / day) Cost / year ($) Change diast. BT (mm Hg) Changes in serum cholesterol (%) propranolol hydrochloride 320 1,051 -9.8 -0.1 hydrochlorothiazide 75,375 -7.4 5.2 nifedipine 30,532 -10.0 -2.0 prazosin 12,748 - 8.1 -6.1 captopril 75,937 -4.9 1.3 Transcendental Meditation - 286 -6.4 -11.0 Transcendental Meditation, according to these calculations an attractive alternative to pharmacological treatment for hypertension. Ref .: Herron RE et al., (1996). Cost-Effective Hypertension Management: Comparison of Drug Therapies With anAlternative Program. The American Journal of Managed Care, 2: 427-437. 1.3 Koronararteriesygdom Prospektiv, kontrolleret, enkeltblind, klinisk undersøgelse. Deltagere: 21 mandlige patienter (gennemsnitsalder 55 år) med kronisk stabil angina pektoris i mindst 6 måneder (gennemsnit 6 år) samt verificeret koronararteriesygdom (koronarangiografi med „ 70% stenose i „ 2 arterier og/eller tidligere myokardieinfarkt). Eksklusionskriterier: andre livstruende sygdomme, tidligere by-pass operation eller tidligere ballon-dilatation (PTCA). Efter baseline vurdering af deltagernes koronarstatus ved arbejds-EKG lærte 12 deltagere Transcendental Meditation. De resterende 9 deltagere udgjorde kontrolgruppen. Resultater: Efter 6 – 8 måneder (gennemsnit 7,6 mdr.) udviste TM-gruppen i forhold til kontrolgruppen signifikante forbedringer i form af 14.7% forøgelse i arbejdstolerance, 11.7% forøgelse i maksimal arbejdskapacitet, 18% forsinkelse af ST-stykke depression på EKG, og signifikant reduktion ipressure rate product (heart rate x systolic blood pressure) measured at 3 min., 6 min. and the maximum working. Ref .: Zamarra JW, Schneider R. H., et al. (1996). Usefulness of the Transcendental Meditation Program in the Treatment of Patients With Coronary Artery Disease. The American Journal of Cardiology, 77 (10): 867-870. 1.4 For high serum cholesterol Prospective, controlled, single-blind clinical study. Participants: 12 patients with hypercholesterolemia who learned Transcendental Meditation, amounted eksperimentalgruppen (age 24 - 50 years, followed by 11 months). 11 patients with hypercholesterolemia who are not taught Transcendental Meditation constituted the control group (age 28 - 50 years, followed by 13 months). Exclusion criteria: Previous heart, kidney or thyroid disease; pathological ECG, BUN or serum thyroid at baseline; medication intake or significant changes in diet composition during the trial; intermittent use of the TM art. Results: In orderTM-group showed a decrease in average serum cholesterol from 254 mg / 100 mL to 225 mg / 100 ml (p <0.005). There was no significant change in serum cholesterol in the control group. Ref .: Cooper MJ, Aygen ETC. (1979). A Relaxation Technique in the Management of Hypercholesterolemia, Journal of Human Stress, 5 (4): 24-27. 1.5 Cardiovascular mortality in older prospective, controlled, randomized, single-blind clinical study. Participants: 73 subjects (60 women and 13 men) with a mean age of 80.7 years at the start of the study were randomly assigned to 4 groups: Transcendental Meditation (TM), Mindfulness Training (MF), Mental Relaxation (MR), or ' usual care '(control group, KG). The intervention period was 3 months. (Please see 9.2 for a more detailed description of the study.) Results: After 3 months, there was one for the TM group significantly and greater decrease in systolic blood pressure (12.4 mm Hg, 139.7 to 127.3 mm Hg) than for the other groups. 3 yearsafter start of study, survival was 100% for the TM group and 65 to 87.5% for the other groups. After eight years, the median survival (all causes of death) 65% higher for the TM group (5.89 years) than for the other groups, which were clustered (3.80 years, p <0.05). After 15 years, survival was 22% higher (9.17 years and 7.48 years, p <0.05). After 15 years, were observed for the TM group also significantly better survival m.h.t. cardiovascular mortality compared to the other groups (11.4 years and 9.91 years, p <0.05). Ref .: Alexander C. N., E. Langer, R. I. Newman, Chandler H. M., Davies JL (1989). Enhancing Health and Longevity: The Transcendental Meditation Program, Mindfulness, and the Elderly. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol.57, No.6: 950-964. Alexander Charles, Vernon Barnes et al. (1996) A Randomized Controlled Trial of Stress Reduction on Cardiovascular and All-Cause Mortality in the Elderly: Results of 8 Year and 15 Year Follow-ups. Abstracts of the 36th Annual Conferenceon Cardiovascular Disease Epidemiology and Prevention. Circulation, 93(3): 19 2. Lungesygdomme 2.1 Astma Prospektiv, randomiseret, kontrolleret, enkeltblind, klinisk undersøgelse Deltagere: 25 astmapatienter (alder 14 – 57 år), alle i behandling for astma bronkiale gennem mindst et år hos allergolog, blev randomiseret til enten at udøve Transcendental Meditation (gruppe A) eller læse “The Science og Being and Art of Living” af Maharishi Mahesh Yogi det samme antal minutter dagligt (gruppe B). Grupperne byttede aktivitet efter 3 måneder. Forsøgsperioden var 6 måneder. 21 patienter (10 i gruppe A og 11 i gruppe B) gennemførte undersøgelsen. Tests: Spørgeskemaer, daglig monitorering hjemme af anfald (sværhedsgrad og længde) og medicinforbrug, lungefunktionsundersøgelse med spirometri og krops-pletysmografi samt lægelig vurdering efter 0, 3 og 6 måneder, måling af den elektriske hudmodstand én gang per patient under TM-udøvelse som et mål for om patienterne anvendte teknikken. Resultater:For group A, there was a significant increase in FEV1, and 'peak flow' as well as a significant decrease in airway resistance after 3 months of TM-exercise (p <0.05 for all three parameters). There was a reversal from the previous values ​​for the next 3 months with reading. For group B showed a non-significant improvement of the three values ​​after 3 months of reading, as well as a significant improvement, but only m.h.t. airway resistance after the next 3 months with TM activity. At 6 months, did 11 out of 18 patients that TM practice had improved their asthma. The medical assessment showed consistent improvement of asthma status for 12 of 17 patients. 15 of 18 patients continued to use the TM technique for 12 months. Ref .: Wilson A. F., Honsberger R. et al. Transcendental Meditation and Asthma (1975), Respiration, 32: 74-80. 3. Psychiatry 3.1 Neurotiseringsgrad Prospective, controlled, single-blind study. Participants: 15 applicants for pilot training at the Royal Swedish Air Force. Participants wererefused to exercise p.g.a. poor performance at a Defense Mechanism Test (DMT), but deemed otherwise fully suitable as pilots. They were therefore offered to teach Transcendental Meditation and then try to achieve a better DMT profit after a year. DMT measures a person neurotiseringsgrad in the form of hidden defense mechanisms that are known to predispose them to human error in the air, for example. several plane crashes. The test result is considered very stable, and there is no method by which an applicant might improve its score significantly. Results: After one year, 8 participants learned Transcendental Meditation and practiced the technique regularly in 3-12 months. The remaining 7 participants had various (practical) reasons not learned TM and constituted a control group. TM group performed at the second attempt a significantly better DMT results than the control group. This indicates that Transcendental Meditation is a means to change the deep structures of the psyche and thus reduceneurotiseringsgraden for individet. Ref.: Sandahl, F.P., Wing Command National Defense Research Institute, S-651 80 Karlstad. Läkartidningen, 77: 2808-2810 1980. 3.2 Angst og uro Meta-analyse af 146 undersøgelsesresultater over forskellige afspændings- og meditationsteknikkers virkning på angst og uro som et træk i personligheden ‘trait anxiety’. Resultater: Transcendental Meditation var dobbelt så effektiv til at reducere angst (effekt-størrelse = 0,70 standardafvigelser) som Progressive Muscle Relaxation (0,38) og andre meditations- (0,28) og afspændingsteknikker (0,40). Resultaterne var fortsat signifikante, når kun randomiserede undersøgelser med lille frafald indgik i analysen. TM var den eneste teknik med en virkning, som var signifikant større end placebo. Ref.: Eppley K.R., Abrams A.I., Shear J. (1989). Differential Effects of Relaxation Techniques on Trait Anxiety: A Meta-Analysis. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 45 (6): 957-974. 3.3 Posttraumatisk stress-syndrom hosvietnam veterans prospective, controlled, randomized clinical study. This study compared the effects of Transcendental Meditation with individual, weekly psychotherapy in the treatment of Post-Vietnam Adjustment '. Participants: 18 male Vietnam veterans who sought help at Denver Vietnam Veterans Outreach Program. Exclusion criteria at study entry: ingestion of strong sedatives, antidepressants or lithium; previous hospitalization in a psychiatric ward; person suicidal-hazardous or dangerous to its surroundings; hospitalization p.g.a. alcohol or drug abuse within a year. Participants were randomly assigned offered Transcendental Meditation or psychotherapy as a treatment, without knowing the presence of the other group. 13 of the 14 possible accepted TM, 12 of 14 accepted psychotherapy. Then the groups were baseline tested and learned so TM or started a course of treatment with weekly psychotherapy. Results: In orderTM-group was observed over 3 months a significant improvement in 8 out of 9 variables (p-values ​​are, respectively, ANCOVA, with respect to psychotherapy group, and T-test, compared to baseline): 1. The degree of 'post-traumatic stress disorder '(p <0.05 / 0.001) 2.' emotional numbness' (p <0.05 / 0.005) 3. anxiety and agitation (Taylor Man. ANX. Scale) (p <0.05 / 0.001) 4. depression (Beck Depression Inventory) (p <0.05 / 0.001) 5. alcohol consumption (p <0.005 / 0.01) 6. insomnia (p <0.001 / 0.05) 7. family problems. (P <0.05 / 0.01) TM group exhibited also improvements (although not statistically significant as treatment outcomes compared to psychotherapy group) with respect to: 8. employment situation (p </ 0.01) 9. sensitivity of stress (electricity. skin resistance) (p <0.10 / 0.10) Psychotherapy group showed no significant improvement in any of the 9 parameters. After 3 months, felt 70% of TM Group that they had achieved so much improvement that they no longer needed vietnam veteran center's help. Ref .:Brooks J.S., Scarano T. (1985). Transcendental Meditation in the Treatment of Post-Vietnam Adjustment. Journal of Counseling and Development, 64: 212-215. 3.4 Sikkerheden ved udøvelse af Transcendental Meditation For at få belyst en mulig sammenhæng mellem antallet af psykiatriske indlæggelser i Sverige og den stigende anvendelse af sensitivitetstræning, Transcendental Meditation m.m. foretog den svenske socialstyrelse i 1975 en rundspørge til landets 182 psykiatriske afdelinger (heraf 49 ambulatorier). Afdelingerne blev bedt om at rapportere alle tilfælde over en treårig periode (1972 – 1974), hvor man mente at have konstateret en mulig, sandsynlig eller klar sammenhæng mellem psykiatrisk indlæggelse på åben eller lukket afdeling og anvendelsen af en eller flere af de nævnte metoder. Resultater: 85% af afdelingerne responderede og rapporterede 110 indlæggelser, som opfyldte kriterierne, heraf 53 indlæggelser på lukket afdeling, med en sandsynlig eller klar sammenhæng. I samme treårigeperiod was in Sweden a total of approximately 335,000 psychiatric admissions. Out of the 53 aforementioned admissions were 8 patients who had learned Transcendental Meditation. National Board asked professor of psychiatry at Sahlgrenska University Hospital in Gothenburg, Jan-Otto Ottosson, evaluate the circumstances surrounding these 8 cases. A detailed review of the 8 case histories and scientific research about the effects of Transcendental Meditation, available at the time of survey gave no evidence that TM should be a major factor for the development of mental illness. On the contrary, the incidence of psychiatric admissions to closed department of the available numbers 150-200 times less in TM practitioners (1: 3500) than in the general population (1:20). Ref .: Förfrågninger about causality in vissa sjukdomsfall (1975). The Swedish Social Security Administration, Dnr SN 3-9-204. Ottosson J-O. University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital. Utredning on transcendental meditation. The Swedish Social Security Administration, 2June 1977. Dnr 3ad SN 9-1194 / 73rd 4. Alcoholism, drug abuse and tobacco 4.1 Alcoholism, drug abuse and cigarette smoking Meta-analysis of 198 studies on the effects of Transcendental Meditation and other strategies for rehabilitation of alcohol, nicotine - and drug abuse. Results: Effect size of Transcendental Meditation compared to that of other strategies were: 1.5 to 8 times greater for alcohol, 1.5 to 6 times higher for substance abuse and 2-5 times higher for cigarette smoking. Effect size to alcohol and cigarette smoking was greatest for the groups with the highest consumption. Ref .: Alexander, C. N., O'Connell, D. F. (1994). Self-Recovery: Treating Addictions Using Transcendental Meditation and Maharishi Ayur-Veda Part 1, Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly, Volume 11, Numbers 1/2, p: 13-87. 4.2 Alcohol prospective, controlled, randomized clinical study. Participants: 108 chronic alcoholics from the slums of Washington, D.C., temporarily hospitalizedRehabilitation Center for Alcoholics in Occoquan, Virginia., Were randomized to 4 groups treated with either Transcendental Meditation, muscle relaxation, neuro therapy, or regular abuse counseling. Exclusion criteria: severe brain injury, serious medical illnesses and IQ <80. The study was supported by the National Institute of Health. 3 months of hospitalization was followed by 18 months of follow up with monthly interviews and self-report the number of days of alcohol withdrawal. The validity of self-reporting was tested using samples of spirits registration of hospitalization, as well as information from friends and family. Results: After 18 months was 65% in the TM completely alkoholabstinente group compared to 55% for muscle relaxation group, 28% of the neurons therapy group and 25% for the group receiving counseling. The participants in the TM group improved significantly in 5 out of 6 studied tests for mood disorders (Profile of Mood States -POMS). The results were better than for the other three groups. At the request of the hospital afdelingssupervisorer 104 patients who otherwise did not meet the requirements to participate in the survey, still taught the TM. It was anecdotally reported that they also achieved positive results in terms of increased relaxation and other subjective improvements. Ref .: Taub, E., Steiner, S. S., Smith, R. B., Weingarten, E ,. & Walton, K.G. (1994). Effectiveness of broad-spectrum approaches to relapse prevention: A long-term, randomized, controlled trial comparing Transcendental Meditation, muscle relaxation and electronic neurotherapi in severe alcoholism. Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly, Volume 11, Numbers 1/2. 4.3 Substance abuse prospective, controlled, randomized study. Participants: 60 practitioners of Transcendental Meditation (TM), 60 karatekas and 60 participants without treatment, all equally motivated young male students from urban dorm. Tests: Survey for SensationSeeking Scale, Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale, CPI subscales, Fitzgerald Expirience Inquiry, samt checklister for basale misbrugsvaner. Resultater: Efter 4 måneder sås et signifikant fald i stofmisbrug i TM gruppen i forhold til kontrolgruppen (p < 0.05). Faldet var størst for psychedelics, “uppers”, “downers” og hårde stoffer (p < 0.001). Ingen signifikante forbedringer blev fundet i karategruppen. Ref.: Myers, S.I., Eisner, E.J. An experimental evaluation of the effects of karate and meditation. Final Report for the U.S. Army Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences, Social Processes Technical Area. American Institutes for Research, Washington, DC, 1974. 4.4 Rygning Prospektiv, kontrolleret undersøgelse. Deltagere: 324 voksne rygere der mødte til introduktionsforedrag om Transcendental Meditation. 110 startede på TM, 214 som ikke startede blev kontrolgruppe. Tests: Spørgeskemaundersøgelse om rygevaner ved start på TM og 18 måneder senere. Rygerne blev ikke på noget tidspunktcalled for an end. Results: For the part of the TM group meditated regularly were 51% to stop smoking. This figure was 21% for the control group. When smoking reduction (a decrease of at least 5 cigarettes a day) were included, the result was 81% for the TM group and 33% for the control group. Data from both groups (the price includes the part of the TM group meditated irregularly) from before the participants decided to learn TM, showed that they were similar demographically, in terms of smoking habits and motivation for smoking cessation. There was a cumulative effect of regular TM practice. Ref .: Royer, A. (1994). The Role of the Transcendental Meditation technique in promo thing smoking cessation: A Longitudinal Study. Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly, Volume 11, Numbers 1/2. 5. Rehabilitation 5.1 Mental health and relapse I. Mental Health: a. Cross-sectional Study b. Prospective, controlled, single-blind study II. Recurrence rate: Retrospective study participants: 133 inmatespreferably from Massachusett's maximum security prison for male prisoners. Transcendental Meditation was compared with eight other forms of assistance for rehabilitation (Alcoholics Anonumous, Big Brothers / Reach Out, Black Muslim, Christian Fellowships, the college program, drug rehabilitation counseling, group therapy counseling, politiska caucuses). Tests: All subjects were tested at the start, including m.h.t. to: 1) ego-development 2) psychopathological symptoms and 3) awareness of quality ( 'Postconceptual experience', including the ability to focus) The results were correlated to the subjects' active participation in and / or interest to one or more of the nine 'specials'. In the prospective part of the study included m.h.t. Transcendental Meditation 4 groups: 1. Prisoners who had learned TM prior to the experiment (on average 20 months in advance) 2. Prisoners who were interested in TM, and who taught the technique immediately 3. Prisoners who were interested in TM,but who first learned TM after the trial period 4. Prisoners who were not interested in TM Results: Cross-sectional study showed fewer psychopathological symptoms (p <0.001), and improved ego-development (p <0.001) and awareness of quality (p <0.01) for the group of meditating than that of the other groups. There was no difference in the results for non-meditating, whether they were interested in TM or not. After 13 to 17 months were observed for group 1. (formerly meditators) continued significant growth in a positive direction for all three parameters. Group 2. (new meditating) also showed significant improvement in all three parameters. There was a clear correlation between regularity of TM practice and the degree of improvement. There was no change in the positive direction for groups 3 and 4, neither for participants in groups 1 and 2, which did not use the TM technique at least a couple times a month. Over 3.5 years were observed for the TM group had a significantly lower relapse rate than the 4 other treatment groups. Ref .:Alexander, C.N. Ego development, personality and behavioral change in inmates practicing the Transcendental Meditation technique or participating in other programs: A cross-sectional and longitudinal study. Dissertation Abstracts International, 43 (2): 539-B. 1982. 5.2 Transcendental Meditation i rehabiliteringsprogram for fængsler i Senegal I 1987 – 88 blev Transcendental Meditation taget i anvendelse i 31 af Senegals 34 fængsler. Mere end 11.000 indsatte og omkring 900 ansatte lærte TM. Følgende er et uddrag af en beskrivelse af dette projekt ved oberst Mamadou Diop, øverste direktør for fængselsadministrationen i Senegal. Umiddelbart efter indlæring af Transcendental Meditation fandtes: For indsatte: • øjeblikkelig forbedring af søvnkvaliteten med bedring af søvnløshed • markant reduktion af irritabilitet og aggressivitet • kraftig reduktion i negativitet samt mere tilfredshed, tro på fremtiden, og større glæde • bedring i forholdet mellem de indsatte; mere åbenhed, bedrecommunication, and reduction in the number of thefts and aggressive behavior • improved health and a significant decline in the abuse of drugs For employees: • more satisfaction and more interest in the inmates • greater self-control • greater dedication • improved health • absent from work less and less delays for prisons as a whole: • an almost complete cessation of fighting between inmates, both in prison courtyards and indoors • a marked decrease in violations of regulations for both the inmates and for staff • fewer cases of escape from prison • a sharp decline ( 70-80%) in the number of medical consultations • a significant drop in recidivism. 18 months after the introduction of the rehabilitation program were 2390 prisoners released by amnesty. After 6 months, the recurrence rate of less than 10%. Previously, the 90% recurrence rate after one month. Of the 10% of repeat offenders was 80% from the three prisons, located in the more inaccessible regions of Senegal, and the TranscendentalMeditation for this reason had not been implemented. Ref .: New Horizons in Criminology and Penitentiary Science, Annual Seminar of the Penitentiary Administration (1988). Maharishi European Research University (MERU). 6. Health expenditure and consumption of services from health care 6.1 Hospitalization days in hospital and a consultation with a doctor Retrospective study. Participants: 2000 people distributed throughout the United States, all of whom had learned Transcendental Meditation, and all of which were not insured for the same insurance company, Blue Cross / Blue Shield. TM group was over a 5-year period, compared with 600,000 non-meditators from the same insurance company. Results: TM group had an average of 56% fewer hospital days in hospital compared to the group of non-meditators. For people over 40 the difference was 70%. The result was the same m.h.t. the number of visits to general practitioners and visits to hospital outpatient departments. There were fewer hospitalizations for all 17 investigateddisease categories, including 87% fewer cardiovascular diseases, 55% fewer for benign and malignant tumors, 31% less for psychiatric disorders, 68% less for musculo-skeletal disorders, 73% fewer respiratory diseases, 49% less for gastrointestinal diseases , 30% fewer infectious diseases and 63% fewer accidents. The admission rate in childbirth were similar for the two groups. The differences in the number of hospitalizations and medical consultations does not appear to be attributable to the TM group did not want to accept help from the health service. Ref .: Orme-Johnson DW (1987), Medical Care Utilization and the Transcendental Meditation Program. Psychosomatic Medicine, 49: 493-507. 6.2 Health expenditure and consumption of healthcare Retrospective study. Objective: To investigate the effect of Maharishi Vedic Health System (MVS) - a prevention-oriented health system with multiple components - health spending and consumption of health services. Participants: 693policyholders of Blue Cross / Blue Shield (BC / BS) Iowa, USA, which over the years has used Maharishi Vedic Health System in terms of: - practice of Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi Pro program twice a day - perform yoga exercises (Yoga Asanas) and yogic breathing exercises (Pranayama) daily - taking certain herbal products - comply with recommendations for healthy diet and health promotion daily and seasonal routines. In addition, a number of trial participants up to 2-3 times a year participated in spa treatment (Panchakarma) under Maharishi Vedic Health System. Archive data for eksperimentalgruppen were compared with data for BC / BS norm for Iowa (n = 600,000) over a 11-year period (1985-1995) as well as data for a demographic comparable control group (n = 4,148) for the years 1990, 1991 , 1994 and 1995. results: Experimental group had the choice of four year total healthcare costs that were 59% lower than the norm for Iowa and 57% lower than for the control group.The average for the entire 11-year period was 63% lower than for Iowa norm. Experimental group had lower expenses for all age groups and all disease categories. The control group was therefore 11.4 times the number of hospital admissions for cardiovascular diseases, 3.3 times the number of cancer and 6.7 times the number of mental illness and abuse. Participants in the experimental group over 45 years had 88% fewer patient days in hospital than matched controls. Ref .: Orme-Johnson DW (1997), An innovative approach two Reducing medical care utilization and Expenditure. American Journal of Managed Care, 3: 135-144. 6.3 The cost of treatment by GPs Restrospektiv study. Participants: 677 residents of Quebec, Canada, where health care costs were examined 3 years before and up to 7 years after learning of Transcendental Meditation. The group is self-selected and participants act as their own controls. Results: In the three years up to the teaching of Transcendental Meditation wasGroup expenses for treatment by GPs constant. After learning of TM expenses decreased by approximately 7% annually, ie after 3 years, a decrease of 21% after 7 years and a decrease of 49%. This also applied to the group of very sick (5%), which accounts for 70% of health expenditure. Ref .: Herron RE, Hillis SL, Mandarino J. V., Orme-Johnson DW, Walton K.G. (1996). The Impact of the Transcendental Meditation Program on Government Payments two Physicians in Quebec: American Journal of Health Promotion; 10 (3): 208-216. 7. Sociological studies on the Maharishi Effect 7.1 Effect of group practice of Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi program on the Middle East conflict and the quality of life in Israel Prospective, controlled, blinded study Participants: An experimental group consisting of 65 to 241 volunteer practitioners of Transcendental meditation and TM-Sidhi program and an audience consisting of the peoples of Israel and Lebanon. Objective: To investigate whether group practiceof TM and TM-Sidhi program (called kohærensgruppe) could affect the quality of life in Israel and the protracted conflict in Lebanon. The size of the kohærensgruppen that would be required to achieve a measurable effect was calculated prior to the experiment to about 197 participants for Israel and Lebanon and sought to bring together a group of at least this size in Jerusalem. Kohærensgruppens impact on quality of life in Jerusalem was measured by changes in the number of automobile accidents, fires and criminal acts. The impact on quality of life throughout Israel was measured by changes in the crime rate, the stock market and the "national mood". The influence on the intensity war in Lebanon was measured by the number of casualty of the war and the number and nature of war. Predictions about the experiment results were sent to leading independent scientists in both the US and Israel several months before the investigation took place. Calculation method: Time series analysis.Results: Group and changes in its size had a statistically significant positive effect in the predicted direction at all above life quality indicators. As the size of the group, although they were not scheduled, changed many times in the two months the inquiry (the number of participants varied between 65 and 241 participants), repeated the experiment unintentionally many times. War intensity in Lebanon decreased by 45% in the periods when the group size was 180 to 241 compared with the periods when it was 65 to 124, and in the same period, the average number of deaths per day by 75% from 40 to 9.7. Crime in Israel fell by 12%, the number of car accidents by 34% and the number of fires by 30%. The possible effect of temperature fluctuations, holidays, weekends and other seasonal factors were thoroughly investigated. These factors could not explain the results. Ref .: David Orme-Johnson, Charles N. Alexander, John Davies, Howard M. Chandler, Wallace E. Larimore(1988). International Peace Project in the Middle east. Journal of Conflict Resolution,32(4), 776-812. 7.2 En model for sociale forbedringer. Tidsserie-analyse af et faseskift i kriminaliteten i storbyområdet Merseyside Deltagere: En eksperimentalgruppe bestående af frivillige udøvere af Transcendental Meditation og TM-Sidhi Programmet og en målgruppe bestående af befolkningen i Merseyside. Formål: At teste om kriminaliteten i storby-området Merseyside (indeholder bl.a. byen Liverpool) kunne reduceres ved, at en tilstrækkelig stor gruppe mennesker sammen (en såkaldt kohærensgruppe) to gange dagligt udøvede Transcendental Meditation og TM-Sidhi-programmet. Tidligere forskning peger på, at et faseskift henimod større orden, målt ved f.eks. faldende kriminalitet, vil indtræffe, når deltagerantallet i en sådan gruppe når op over kvadratroden af 1% af befolkningen. Dette faseskift kaldes ’Maharishi-effekten’. Resultater: Tidsserieanalyse af den månedlige kriminalitetsstatistik i Merseysidecompared with the size of kohærensgruppen in the same area from 1978 to 1992 shows that a phase shift in the crime rate with a decline of 13.4% (p <0.00006) occurred in March 1988, just as the size of kohærensgruppen first time exceeded the square root of 1% of the population area. Thereafter and until 1992 remained crime in Merseyside constant in contrast to the national crime during the same period increased by 45%. In 1987 the Merseyside the third highest crime rate among the 11 largest metropolitan areas in England and Wales, and in 1992 it had the lowest, 40% below the level one would expect from the prior increase in crime. Merseyside is the only police district out of 42 in England and Wales in the period 1987- 92 have shown a decrease in crime. There occurred 255,000 fewer crimes in Merseyside 1988-1992 than if Liverpool had followed the general increase in crime in England and Wales. Analysis of demographicchanges, economic variable, police activity and other factors could not explain the observed changes. The unemployment rate was unchanged in Merseyside and in England and Wales as a whole during the IP. Ref .: Hatchard G. D., Deans A.J. et al. (1996). The Maharishi Effect: A model for Social Improvement. Time Series Analysis of a Phase Transition To Reduced Crime in Greater Metropolitan Area. Psychology, Crime & Law, Vol. 2. pp 165-174. 8. Physiological effects of the practice of Transcendental Meditation 8.1 Physiological differences TM-exercise and rest Meta-analysis of 31 different findings of TM practice compared to 'resting with eyes closed'. Results: In the practice of the TM technique (difference between before and during the exercise) was significantly lower basal skin resistance (p <0.05), respiratory rate (p <0.05) and plasmalaktat (p <0.01). Outside the practice of the TM technique (difference between baseline values ​​for the various parameters prior tothe learning of the TM technique compared to some time after learning of the art), there was significantly less spontaneous fluctuations in the electrical skin resistance (p <0.05), as well as lower respiratory rate (p <0.05), heart activity (p <0.01) and plasmalaktat (p <0.01). Ref .: Dillbeck M.C., Orme-Johnson DW (1987). Physiological Differences Between Transcendental Meditation and Rest, American Psychologist, 42: 879-881. 8.2 Metabolism during practice of the Transcendental Meditation Controlled clinical study. Participants: 32 healthy men at least 6 years of experience in using Transcendental Meditation. Tests: Blood samples after 0, 15, 30, 45, 60 and 75 min. under two experimental periods - one period of TM practice and one control period when the participants were asked to read relaxing literature of their choice. All blood samples were taken between the hours. 10.30 and 12.00. Glycolysis activity, which is responsible for 90-95% of the blood's metabolism, were measured for both the whole blood and the red cell fraction (theRed blood cells). In order to monitor how long the subjects spent in deep sleep or dream state was measured throughout the trial EEG (electro-encefalogram), EMG (electro-myogram) and EOG (Electro-okulogram). As a measure of the subjects' state of cognitive relaxation was measured also the electric skin resistance. Results: There was a significant drop of approximately 18% of glycolysis activity of both whole blood and erytrocytfraktionen during meditation period (p <0.001 compared to baseline values ​​and p <0.01 compared to control values), which means a reduction of about 18% in blood metabolism during TM practice. Previous studies have shown a decrease of 15-20% in the general metabolism during exercise TM measured by oxygen consumption. The decrease in glycolysis was correlated with a state of relaxation detected by a decrease in plasmalaktat concentration and the change of the electrical skin resistance. There was no statistical correlation between the time spent in deep sleep or dream stateand changes in blodglykolysen. Ref .: Jevning R., Wilson A. F., H. Pirkle, O'Halloran J.P., Walsh R. N. (1983). Metabolic control in a state of Decreased activation: Modulation of red cell metabolism: American Journal of Physiology, 245: C457-C461. 8.3 Cortisol response to stress stimuli prospective, controlled, randomized clinical study. Objective: To examine basal cortisol levels as well as the dynamic plasma cortisol response on laboratory-induced stress before and after 4 months of practice of the Transcendental Meditation (TM) or participation in a course on stress (SEC = Stress Education Class). Participants: 29 healthy men aged 18 - 32 years were randomly placed in the TM group or of SEC Group. Tests: Before and after the test period of 4 months, blood samples were continuously collected during a one hour long process with stress induced in the laboratory, including three assignments of 5 minutes duration. Results: During the four months showed a significant decrease in basal cortisol levelsfor the TM group compared with the SEC-group (p <0.05). Furthermore exhibited TM Group both a higher cumulative cortisol levels relative to the basal level (p <0.05) and an increased range of cortisol during the experimental period with stressful activities (p = 0.05). The results indicate that TM-exercise associated with lower basal cortisol level combined with increased cortisol response associated with stress. Ref .: Maclean C.R.K., Walton K.G. Wenneberg S.R. Levitsky D. K., Mandarino I.V., Waziri R., and R. H. Schneider (1992). Altered Cortisol Resonse two Stress after Four Months Practice of the Transcendental Meditation Programme. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts, 18: 1541. 8.4 cortisol and testosterone levels during the practice of Transcendental Meditation Prospective, controlled clinical study and cross-sectional study. Participants: 30 healthy volunteers, adult students with normal circadian rhythms, including 15 control subjects (7 men and 8 women, age 20-27 years) and 15 long-term practitionersTranscendental Meditation (8 men and 7 women, age 22-29 years, 3-5 years of regular TM practice). Tests: The measurement of cortisol and testosterone concentrations. Each study lasted 120 minutes. divided into a) 40 min. sitting with open eyes b) 40 min. with TM-exercise or rest (both with eyes closed) and c) 40 min. sitting with open eyes. The control group was tested before instruction in the TM and again after 3-4 months of TM practice. The group of langtidsmediterende were tested once. Results: After 3-4 months of TM practice showed cortisol level of the control group a declining trend during TM practice, but this was not statistically significant (p = 0.10). For the group of langtidsmediterende decreased cortisol levels sharply by 27% in the exercise of the TM technique (p <0.03). Plans a half-life of 70 min. of cortisol in the circuit, this corresponds least to a complete inhibition of the pituitary stimulation of the adrenal cortex. The changes in plasma cortisol was not correlated with thetime that forsøgspersonerne spent in deep asleep or drømmetilstand. Testosterone concentrations did not show any changes in this examina-. The results pointing to ¥ that regelmÃ|ssig TM udøvelse induces a state with less stress in the body. Ref .: Jevning, R., Wilson, AF, & Davidson, JM adrenocortical activity during meditation.Hormones and Behavior, 10 (1): 54 60, 1978. 8.5 serotonin, noradrenaline and dopamine metabolism and Transcendental Meditation TvÃ| rsnitsundersøgelse with control group participants: 11 healthy and coincidence selected udøvere of Transcendental Meditation, 4 women and 7 men aged 19 â € "61 à ¥ r. The length of the TM-udøvelse was 14 â € "54 way ¥ months (mean 29 months ¥ way). 13 healthy clinical employees was a comparable control group. Tests: rehearsals of urine collected 2 hours before (Cl. 15 A € "17) and 2 hours after the start of PA ¥ 30 minutes of TM-udøvelse (Cl. 17 â €" 19). Prøverne were researched for the content of 5-HIAA (5-hydroxyindole-3-acetate acid, mainserotonin metabolite), VMA (vanillin-mandelic acid, noradrenaline main metabolite) and HVA (homovanillic acid, the principal dopamine metabolite). It has been previously shown to VMA and HVA achieve their highest concentrations in the urine during the day when the subjects are awake, and that there occurs variation in these levels over 3 hour periods during the day (Riederer, et al., 1974, 1975) . Besides TM pursuit of experimental group were subjects in the 4 hours experiment lasted engaged in easy conversation and a few walks. Results: In the control group there were no significant changes in the urinary concentrations of the three metabolites. TM-group showed a significantly higher baseline concentration of 5-HIAA than the control group (p <0.01), with a clear increase during / after exercise TM as compared to baseline (p <0.02). Furthermore exhibited TM group had a significantly lower value for the VMA output than the control group (p <0.0025). Thus, in thisstudy a general increase in serotonin production and reciprocal lower adrenalin production of TM practitioners compared to the control group. There were no changes in HVA concentrations and thus no evidence of a change in dopamine production in either group. The results indicate that TM practice leads to a state with less stress and a greater degree of rest and satisfaction, which is fully compatible with the findings of the effect of TM practice on metabolic, respiratory, electrical skin resistance, blodlaktat concentration, brain waves and heart vascular system. Ref .: M. Bujatti, Riederer P., (1976). Serotonin, Norepinephrine, Dopamine metabolites in Transcendental Meditation-Technique, Journal of Neural Transmission, 39: 257-267. 9. Aging 9.1 Biological aging Clinical cross-sectional study with a control group. Participants: 84 volunteers recruited among university staff and the general population, including 11 non-meditators, who served ascontrol subjects and 73 practitioners of TM (length of TM practice 1-181 months). Tests: TM group was divided into two subgroups at approximately the mean length of TM practice (5 years) in a group korttidsmediterende (15 men and 18 women, average age 52.2 years, average TM-performance 34 months.) And a langtidsmediterende group (18 men and 22 women, mean age 53.3 years, average TM-performance 85 months.). All three groups underwent 'Adult Growth Examination' test with measurement of hearing threshold at 6000 Hz, near vision distance and systolic blood pressure. The average of two days of measurements were converted to a biological-aging score. Findings: The characters' biological age was an average of 2.2 years lower than for the general population. For the group of korttidsmediterende was five years lower, and the langtidsmediterende figure was 12 years lower. The difference between groups was significant (p <0.01), even when controlling for diet and exercise habits. There was a significant positivecorrelation between the length of the TM exercise and reduction in biological age (r = 0.46, p <0.001) Ref .: R. K. Wallace, M.C. Dillbeck, Jacobe E., B. Harrington (1982). The Effects of the Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi program on the Aging Process: International Journal of Neuroscience, 16: 53-58. 9.2 Transcendental Meditation and older prospective, controlled, randomized, single-blind clinical study. Comparison of Transcendental Meditation with two other relaxation techniques and a control group. Participants: 73 elderly volunteers (from six old people's home, a nursing home and an apartment complex for the elderly), mean age 81 years. After baseline assessment with psychological tests and measurement of systolic blood pressure, participants were drawn by lot selected to learn Transcendental Meditation (TM), Mindfulness Training (MF) ( 'Guided Attention' approach to active management of attention), mental relaxation (MR) (Method designed to mimic TM, but which omit the mantra andspecific instructions for its use) or a control group (KG). The control group did by the attempt to learn one of the three methods. Results: After 3 months, were observed for the TM Group, the largest decrease in systolic blood pressure (12.4 mm Hg, 139.7 to 127.3 mm Hg). Both TM and MP group showed a significant decrease compared to the MA and KG. For the TM group were also observed a significantly better result for learning (Associate Learning scale) and one of two measures of cognitive flexibility (overlearned Verbal Task) than the control group. MF group was second best. After 18 months, staff rated (blind) older people's mental health compared with the condition at baseline. TM Group achieved the best evaluation and was with MF Group significantly better than the other groups (MA and KG). After 3 years, the survival rate of Group TM 100% and best. For the other groups, rates were MF: 87.5%, MA: 65% and KG: 77%, while for the remaining residents of the 8 institutionswas 62.5%. After 8 and 15 year survival curves were analyzed for the 4 groups (data from the 'Registry of Vital Records, Boston, USA). After eight years, the median survival (all causes of death) 65% higher for the TM group (5.89 years) than for the other groups, which were clustered (3.80 years, p <0.05). After 15 years, survival was 22% higher (9.17 years and 7.48 years, p <0.05). After 15 years, were observed for the TM group also significantly better survival m.h.t. cardiovascular mortality than those of the other groups (11.4 years, and 9.91 years, p <0.05). Ref .: Alexander C. N., E. Langer, R. I. Newman, Chandler H. M., Davies JL (1989). Enhancing Health and Longevity: The Transcendental Meditation Program, Mindfulness, and the Elderly. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol.57, No.6: 950-964. Alexander Charles, Vernon Barnes et al. (1996) A Randomized Controlled Trial of Stress Reduction on Cardiovascular and All-Cause Mortality in the Elderly: Results of 8 Year and 15 Year Follow-ups.Abstracts of the 36th Annual Conference on Cardiovascular Disease Epidemiology and Prevention. Circulation, 93(3): 19 10. Selv-udvikling, selv-aktualisering 10.1 Transcendental Meditation, selv-aktualisering og psykisk sundhed: En begrebsmæssig oversigt og statistisk meta-analyse Meta-analyse af 42 uafhængige undersøgelsesresultater over virkningen af Transcendental Meditation, andre meditationsformer og andre metoder til afspænding m.h.t. graden af selv-aktualisering og psykisk sundhed. Der forelå 18 undersøgelser over TM, 18 over andre meditationsformer (6 over Zen-meditation, 3 over ‘Relaxation Response’ og 9 over forskellige behandlingsformer som ‘Mindfulness Training’, yoga og mantra-meditation), og 6 undersøgelser over andre metoder til afspænding (3 over ‘progressive Muscle Relaxation’ og 3 over andre metoder). Der redegøres i undersøgelsen for en model for psykisk udvikling baseret på ‘vedisk psykologi’, formuleret af Maharishi Mahesh Yogi. Denne model postulerer, atsystematic transcendence - as practiced by the regular practice of Transcendental Meditation will promote self-actualization and development of stable 'higher consciousness', something that is far beyond what is commonly seen as the end point of human development. Verifiable postulates derived from the model include: 1. Direct experience of that transcending will have specific physiological correlates, and systematic sharpening the transcending will result in measurable psycho-physiological changes during and after the TM practice. 2. TM-exercise allows systematic transcendence and therefore will promote self-actualization than other meditation and relaxation techniques, which are not intended to (or are not as effective m.h.t.) to produce transcendence. 3. Langtidsmediterende will exhibit advanced stages of development characterized by high degrees of self-actualization. 4. With regular practice of TM will see a 'thawing' of frozendevelopment processes in communities whose development has been slowed or obstructed, and this can be measured in terms of reduced psychopathology and increased mental health. Results: Effect size (ES) of Transcendental Meditation on self-actualization as a whole measured in standard deviations (ES = 0.78) was approximately three times as large as the other meditation techniques (ES = 0.26) and other methods of relaxation (ES = 0.27), when attempts were checked for the duration and power of the experimental design (p <0.0002). Factor analysis of the 12 scales contained in the Personal Orientation Inventory (POI), the most widely used measure of self-actualization, showed improvement of three independent factors: 'Emotional maturity' (affective maturity, term for 'emotional reactivity', 'acceptance of anger ',' capacity for intimate contact ',' spontaneity 'and' internal control '),' integrated view of self and the world '(integrated Perspektive on self and world, collective term for' self-esteem ''Nature of man constructive,' 'synergy' og'grad of self-actualization ') and' vivid sense of self '(resilient sense of self, collective term for' internal control ',' time competence ',' self-acceptance 'and 'existentiality'). For each of these three factors effect the size of the TM 3 times that of the other groups (respectively 0.78, 0.72 and 0.68, p <0.0001, 0.005, and 0.005). Effect size shows that the main contribution to the results probably are systematically transcendence and not just relaxation, expectations or other effects related to motivation. Ref .: Alexander C. N., Rainforth ETC., Gelderloos P. (1991). Transcendental Meditation, Self Actualization, and Psychological Health: A conceptual Overview and Statistical Meta-analysis, Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 6 (5): 189-247. General information on research Over the last 35 years, in the fields of physiology, psychology and sociology, conducted over 500 scientific studies of Maharishi'sTranscendental Meditation Program of researchers from more than 200 independent research institutions including Harvard Medical School; Princeton University; Stanford Medical School; University of Chicago; University of Michigan Medical School; University of California at Berkeley; University of California at Los Angeles; York University, Canada; University of Edinburgh, Scotland; Lund University, Sweden; University of Groningen, The Netherlands; University of New South Wales, Australia; and the Institute de la Rochefoucauld, France. The studies are published in many leading scientific journals, including Science, Lancet Scientific American, American Journal of Physiology, International Journal of Neuroscience, Experimental Neurology, Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, Psychosomatic Medicine, Journal of the Canadian Medical Association, American Psychologist, British Journal of Educational Psychology, Journal of Counselling Psychology, Academy of Management Journal,Journal of Conflict Resolution, Perceptual and Motor Skills, Criminal Justice and Behavior, Journal of Crime and Justice, Proceedings of the Endocrine Society, Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, and Social Indicators Research. Det meste af den videnskabelige litteratur om Transcendental Meditation og TM-Sidhi Programmet, inklusive Yogisk Flyvning, er samlet i 6 bind (over 5000 sider) benævnt: Collected Papers – Scientific research on Maharishi´s Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi Programme, MERU (Maharishi European Research University) Press publication. 1: Psychosom Med 1987 Sep-Oct;49(5):493-507 Related Articles, Books, LinkOut Erratum in: • Psychosom Med 1987 Nov-Dec;49(6):637 Medical care utilization and the transcendental meditation program. Orme-Johnson D. Department of Psychology, Maharishi International University, Fairfield, IA 52556. This field study compared 5 years of medical insurance utilization statistics of approximately 2000 regular participants in the TranscendentalMeditation (TM) program with a normative data base of approximately 600,000 members of the same insurance carrier. The benefits, deductible, coinsurance terms, and distribution by gender of the TM group were very similar to the norm, yet the TM group had lower medical utilization rates in all categories. Inpatient days per 1000 by age category were 50.2% fewer than the norm for children (0-18), 50.1% fewer for young adults (19-39), and 69.4% fewer for older adults (40+). Outpatient visits per 1000 for the same age categories were, respectively, 46.8%, 54.7%, and 73.7% fewer. When compared with five other health insurance groups of similar size and professional membership, the TM group had 53.3% fewer inpatient admissions per 1000 and 44.4% fewer outpatient visits per 1000. Admissions per 1000 were lower for the TM group than the norm for all of 17 major medical treatment categories, including -55.4% for benign and malignant tumors -87.3% for heart disease, -30.4% for all infectiousdiseases, -30.6% for all mental disorders, and -87.3% for diseases of the nervous system. However, the TM group’s admission rates for childbirth were similar to the norm. The issue of self-selection is addressed in terms of previous medical research in this area. PMID: 3313489 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE] 1: Am J Health Promot 2000 May-Jun;14(5):284-91 Related Articles, Books The impact of the transcendental meditation program on government payments to physicians in Quebec: an update. Herron RE, Hillis SL. Department of Management and Public Administration, Maharishi University of Management, Fairfield, Iowa 52557, USA. PURPOSE: To determine whether practice of the Transcendental Meditation (TM) technique can affect medical expenses. DESIGN: The evaluation was a quasi experimental, longitudinal, cost-minimization study. SETTING: Province of Quebec, Canada. SUBJECTS: This study involved 1418 Quebec health insurance enrollees who practiced the TM technique compared with 1418 subjectswho were randomly selected from enrollees of the same age, sex, and region. TM subjects had chosen to begin the technique prior to learning about and choosing to enter the study. MEASURES: This 14-year, pre- and postintervention study retrospectively assessed government payments to physicians for treating the TM and comparison groups. Other medical expense data for individuals were unavailable. Data were inflation-adjusted. For each subject, least squares regression slopes were calculated to estimate pre- and postintervention annual rates of change in payments. We compared the groups’ means and 1%, 5%, and 10% trimmed means (robust estimators) of the slopes. RESULTS: Before starting meditation, the yearly rate of increase in payments between groups was not significantly different (p > .17). After commencing meditation, the TM group’s mean payments declined 1% to 2% annually. The comparison group’s payments increased up to 11.73% annually over 6 years. There was a 13.78% mean annualdifference (p = .0017). CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that the TM technique reduced payments to physicians between 5% and 13% annually relative to comparison subjects over 6 years. Randomized studies are recommended. PMID: 11009854 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE] 1: J Pers Soc Psychol 1989 Dec;57(6):950-64 Related Articles, Books, LinkOut Transcendental meditation, mindfulness, and longevity: an experimental study with the elderly. Alexander CN, Langer EJ, Newman RI, Chandler HM, Davies JL. Department of Psychology, Maharishi International University, Fairfield, Iowa 52556. Can direct change in state of consciousness through specific mental techniques extend human life and reverse age-related declines? To address this question, 73 residents of 8 homes for the elderly (mean age = 81 years) were randomly assigned among no treatment and 3 treatments highly similar in external structure and expectations: the Transcendental Meditation (TM) program, mindfulness training (MF) in activedistinction making, or a relaxation (low mindfulness) program. A planned comparison indicated that the “restful alert” TM group improved most, followed by MF, in contrast to relaxation and no-treatment groups, on paired associate learning; 2 measures of cognitive flexibility; mental health; systolic blood pressure; and ratings of behavioral flexibility, aging, and treatment efficacy. The MF group improved most, followed by TM, on perceived control and word fluency. After 3 years, survival rate was 100% for TM and 87.5% for MF in contrast to lower rates for other groups. Publication Types: • Clinical trial • Randomized controlled trial PMID: 2693686 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]     Nedenstående artikel beskriver hvordan gruppeudøvelse af Transcendental Meditation kan bringe fred til uroområder: A New Role for the Military: Preventing Enemies from Arising—Reviving an Ancient Approach to Peace Abstract The military’s primary job is to fully protect its country from attack by enemies,both foreign and domestic. In many countries, lives are lost and vast resources are expended in defenses against these enemies. Preventing enemies from arising would be both effective and cost effective in establishing peace. This paper introduces a new role for the military: “Prevention Wings” whose purpose is to prevent enemies from arising. A new approach derived from the ancient Vedic tradition and termed “Invincible Defense Technology (IDT),” is supported by over 50 scientific studies indicating it can achieve this goal as well as assist in peacemaking, peacekeeping, and peacebuilding roles. Two to three percent of a nation’s military personnel would be trained on a voluntary basis in the primary components of IDT—the techniques known as the Transcendental Meditation® (TM®) and TM-Sidhi® programs. Peer-reviewed studies show that IDT reduces the collective societal stress held by many to be responsible for war, terrorism, and crime. The absence of collective stress translates intothe absence of tension between the countries, religious groups, or even within individual terrorists. By applying this human resource-based, non-lethal, and non-destructive technology, it is proposed that any military can reduce societal stress and prevent enemies from arising. Social Stress and the Cycle of War As illustrated in Figure 1, war is a cycle. Social stress builds, and diplomats cannot solve their differences. Groups take sides, resulting in enemies. Military strength is meant to deter enemies. When deterrence fails, militaries are called in to fight. This seems to solve the problem, but stress remains, fueling future wars. Figure 1: The Military Fails to Address Social Stress Even countries that have a strong military can still suffer from terrorism and war, and casualties. If their militaries were both strong and invincible, war, terrorism and casualties would end. In this context, a military becomes invincible when it has no enemies. No enemies means no war and noterrorism. The author proposes that each country in the world create a Prevention Wing of the MilitarySM 1 consisting of a specific number of individuals trained in proven techniques of social stress abatement, specifically, the Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi programs. In this Invincible Military Model (Figure 2), the military addresses collective social stress to prevent or pacify enemies. The war cycle is broken. Figure 2: The Military Uses IDT to Break the War Cycle Acknowledging its systematic, repeatable nature, the methodology is called Invincible Defense Technology (IDT). This technology implies a theoretical explanation from the domain of consciousness as a field. Thus, the practice of specific psychophysiological techniques by a group of individuals can be shown to produce a calming influence on the population surrounding the group. The Transcendental Meditation (TM) program is non-religious and requires no changes in beliefs. It comes from the ancient Vedic traditionof India. The late Maharishi Mahesh Yogi brought out the Transcendental Meditation technique in 1956. Scientists call the increased societal coherence that results from the TM and more advanced TM-Sidhi® programs “the Maharishi Effect.” Maharishi predicted that if 1% of a population practiced the TM program, peace and harmony would increase throughout society. Additionally, he anticipated the same result if the square root of 1% of a population practiced TM-Sidhi program in groups twice daily. These predicted results have been seen repeatedly in published, peer-reviewed scientific research. Social Research on Invincible Defense Technology More than 50 scientific studies validate the social stress-reducing benefits of IDT. Studies on the Maharishi Effect have been published in leading peer-reviewed journals, such as The Journal of Conflict Resolution,Social Indicators Research, Journal of Crime and Justice, Journal of Mind and Behavior and International Journal of Neuroscience. Most ofthis research is reviewed in a paper co-written by the author, published by the Security and Political Risk Analysis (SAPRA) think tank, called “An Alternative to Military Violence and Fear-Based Deterrence: Twenty Years of Research on the Maharishi Effect.” Scientific studies have found that social indicators, such as acts of terrorism, war deaths, war injuries, conflict levels, and crime rates, showed improvement when enough people practiced these unique psychophysiological techniques. The results include increased progress towards peaceful resolution, and decreases in: war deaths, war injuries, war intensity, property damage, hostile acts, international conflict, and terrorist induced casualties. An outstanding demonstration of the reduction of social stress through IDT in the United States was documented in Social Indicators Research. This intervention took place in the US capital, Washington, DC. Predictions were lodged in advance with government leaders and newspapers. Timeseries analysis was employed in the study. The research protocol approved by an independent Project Review Board set the experimental period from June 7 to July 30, 1993. The main result was that crime dropped 24% below the predicted level when the TM-Sidhi group reached its maximum (p < 2 x 10-9 for weekly data). Weekend effects, temperature, and previous trends in the data did not account for changes. This level of p value is rarely seen in social science research. During the 1983 Lebanon conflict, when the size of a group of IDT experts in nearby Jerusalem varied, war-related fatalities in Lebanon varied correspondingly from day to day. At the point of highest IDT participant numbers, war deaths dropped by 76% as participants approached the theoretically desired square root of 1% of the population. During the peak of the Lebanon war, replication over two years in seven consecutive experiments gave these results: war-related fatalities decreased by 71% (p < 10-10) war-relatedinjuries fell by 68% (p < 10-6) the level of conflict dropped by 48% (p < 10-8) cooperation among antagonists increased by 66% (p < 10-6). The likelihood that these combined results were due to chance is less than one part in 1019, making this effect of reducing societal stress and conflict the most rigorously established phenomenon in the history of the social sciences. Maintenance of the effects of IDT is contingent on maintaining the required number of participants. Figure 3 illustrates the effects of changing the number of participants. This chart shows associated changes in the quality of life in Israel during the Lebanon conflict in 1983. Notice the association incorporates a “lag” of one to several days, as well as an “averaging” effect that moderates the impact of changing numbers of participants. Note that the “0” point on the y-axis represents the threshold number of participants for this population (158 participants). Figure 3: TM Group Size Vs. Quality of Life in IsraelThis figure illustrates a highly statistically significant correlation between the number of participants in an IDT assembly and a composite index measuring progress toward peace and quality-of-life in Israel during August and September of 1983. When the number of participants rose, the intensity of the war in Lebanon decreased (p < 10-7). Dr. John Hagelin is a Harvard trained physicist who conducted some of the research on IDT. He is the Director of the Institute of Science, Technology, and Public Policy (ISTPP). Dr. Hagelin speaks in detail about the physics of IDT in an online video. A landmark study published in the Journal of Offender Rehabilitation showed a 72% reduction in deaths due to international terrorism (p < .025) when the global threshold of people practicing the TM-Sidhi program was reached. These assemblies were held during the years 1983-1985. This study investigated the effects of three large assemblies approaching the Maharishi Effect threshold for the world at thattime (7,000). The study, which used data provided by the Rand Corporation, also revealed that international conflict decreased 32% (p < .025). A Proposed Causal Mechanism for Invincible Defense Technology IDT’s causal mechanism is not completely understood. An explanation of the causality of IDT in biological terms was proposed in a 2005 study in the Journal of Social Behavior and Personality. Serotonin, a powerful neurotransmitter, has been shown to produce feelings of happiness, contentment, and even euphoria. Research indicates that low levels of serotonin correlate with aggression, poor emotional moods and violence. The study indicated that when the size of a group of IDT experts changed, serotonin production of people in the nearby community changed correspondingly. Since results were statistically significant, this study offers a plausible neurophysiologic mechanism that may explain reduced aggression and hostility in a whole society. An increase in serotonin activity and adecrease in cortisol appear to be associated with the experience of transcendental consciousness in the advanced individual TM practitioner. During the practice of TM, practitioners experience transcendental consciousness, a proposed fourth state of consciousness with brain activity distinctly different from waking, sleeping and dreaming. The state of transcendental consciousness produces coherence in the brain, and scientists speculate that this enlivens coherence within the unified field. Apparently, the effect is amplified through group practice. Theoretical physicists allude to the unified field as the basis of all laws of nature. IDT appears to work from this fundamental level. Therefore, through the unified field, there is increased coherence in the non-TM practitioner’s brain as well. This increased coherence materially involved serotonin. Dr. Roger Nelson at Princeton University has found that IDT appears to have a highly significant impact on the Global Consciousness Project(GCP) network of about 65 random number-generating devices situated around the world. It uses a purely objective measure that differs from any of other sociological and physiological research on IDT. Moreover, the effect is greater with greater numbers of IDT participants. This is a replication of what Dr. Nelson observed for an applied application of IDT in 2001 a short time after the terrorist attacks on US targets on 11 September 2001. Also, the effect is in the opposite and compensatory direction of the effect of the 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks and other catastrophic events. It seems the random generators become less random during practice of IDT. Acknowledging Skepticism of IDT The shifts in perspective required for scientists to accommodate Einstein’s theory of relativity and Plank’s quantum principle were not small, but because they were backed by hard evidence, they came to be accepted. A similar situation may exist regarding IDT. The challenge is to maintainperspective. This paper offers a new solution based on research into the powerful influences of group consciousness, a field new to many researchers that has surprising results—results backed by hard evidence. Just as physics had to undergo a major change in point-of-view and methods of analysis with the introduction of Einstein’s theory of relativity, likewise, this paper challenges the reader to accept a similarly large change in methods of social stress abatement to prevent and end terrorism and war. Einstein’s theory of relativity indicates that analyses of large-scale cosmogenic phenomena must treat gravity as a “field of force” that has an effect on the very shape of space. The equations governing this point of view have been shown to solve important problems in astrophysics that otherwise would continue to remain anomalies and curiosities that defy the classical equations set forth by Sir Isaac Newton. Likewise, at the other end of the field of scientific measurement, experimentshows that the behavior of subatomic particles fails any description using the equations of classical physics. Explanation of those anomalies using Planck’s quantum principle and Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle provide the descriptions and manipulations of a whole new world of quantum physics. The purpose of the above point is to make the case that major steps of progress must overcome prejudices. Relativity and quantum mechanics arose from clear evidence. However, the struggle for acceptance of these now-routine equations occurred in the minds of people. We appear to be facing a similar cross-road regarding the nature of “fighting for peace.” Proposing a Prevention Wing of the Military is based on strong scientific evidence. However, the struggle for acceptance of the proposed solution remains in the minds of people. For her doctoral dissertation, Carla Linton Brown at Harvard University interviewed elite policy makers who worked in diplomacy and related fields. She studied howpolicy makers examined the research into the sociological effects of IDT on quality of life and on reduction of violence and war deaths. She found that when policy makers explored this research, they needed: Context in order to evaluate this innovation Time away from the daily pressures of responsibility to explore the research and innovation Perspective and support from others who may have implemented the program and who could answer practical questions, and Cultural acclimation—a way to look beyond stereotypes they may have associated with this innovation. Some of Dr. Brown’s respondents were very receptive to the research, but still had questions about how it worked. For example, diplomats explained to Dr. Brown that although they found the research to be compelling, they were too busy plugging up the latest hole in the Middle East peace process to have the time to consider how this innovation could be used or how it would work. Dr. Brown also found that many policy makers hadstereotypical or prejudicial views about an innovation originating in ancient India. Because of the potential for deliberate misrepresentation of the IDT research by biased reviewers, it is hoped that readers of this paper unfamiliar with IDT research will take the time to carefully study a paper by Dr. Carla Linton Brown that is based on her Harvard University doctoral dissertation. Dr. Brown’s research was published in the Journal of Social Behavior and Personality. The Harvard dissertation is available online. How the TM Technique Compares to Other Types of Meditation IDT utilized the Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi programs, which are the most scientifically researched forms of meditations. Different forms of meditation use different methods, and logically get different results. Brain patterns have been scientifically studied to demonstrate different physiological processes during various forms of meditations. Meta-analyses have shown that TM produces uniquely beneficialeffects. The various forms of meditation do not produce the same effects, based on comparative research. Meta-analysis comparing the effects of the TM technique, Mindfulness, Zen, Progressive Muscle Relaxation, Tibetan Buddhist and Vipassana meditations, and Benson’s Relaxation Response has been conducted. They considered levels of rest, brainwave patterns, and mind-body benefits. Some other forms of meditation have been found to produce good effects in specific areas. However, EEG and neural imaging studies show that the TM technique creates a unique brain pattern. TM is the only meditation technique demonstrated to create brainwave coherence throughout the brain. The research shows that the TM technique is effective at reducing depression and anxiety, and increasing self-actualization. Deeper rest is obtained through the TM technique than other practices. According to Dr. David Orme-Johnson, a Maharishi Effect researcher, in a new study of 60 male subjects in their 40’s and 50’s,researchers found that a non-invasive measure of free radical concentration in the human body detected significantly lower concentrations at all 12 anatomical locations studied in subjects practicing the Transcendental Meditation technique (TM) compared with those practicing Other Meditation Techniques (OMT=Tao, Zen, Christian, and Hindu Yoga meditations) or those who were not regularly practicing any technique . An excessive level of free radicals in the body has been associated with accelerated aging and a variety of diseases . Portability and Proximity IDT need not be employed in exact proximity of conflict or potential conflict. However, best results occur when the system is deployed within local political boundaries of the prejudiced area(s). Simultaneously, deployment of systems within more inclusive boundaries (e.g. regional or country-wide) also creates positive effects across the larger boundaries. IDT achieves best operating characteristics when all participants comprise onegroup within close association of each other (proximity averaging 1.5 meters between participants). However, positive effects will still be attained when participants operate in several smaller groups. Throughout the world, IDT can be land-based or sea-based. Land-based Prevention Wings have been field-tested by militaries. IDT practitioners must be transported to the location (or within proximity of the location) and maintained in a secure facility. Sea-based Prevention Wings are theoretically possible. For instance, the US carrier Kitty Hawk (CV-63) supported 1,000 Special Operations Forces onboard for its mission in Afghanistan. Therefore, carrier battle groups supporting IDT experts could be deployed to the Persian Gulf to reduce tensions in the Middle East (Approximate population = 800 million; 1% of population = 8 million; square root of 8 million = 2829 IDT experts needed to achieve the Maharishi Effect). Additional Benefits Research allows the prediction of additional benefitsof a Prevention Wing of the Military. These benefits include improved governmental cooperation, improved economic trends, decreased crime, improved health conditions, and improved quality of life. Brazilian warriors learned IDT as part of their military training. A number of Brazilian state governments introduced the technology. More than twenty-six thousand military police officers of all ranks were instructed. Brazilian scientists documented significant improvements in health and discipline by military police officers and cadets in the State of Bahia, Brazil and the Military Police Academy of Piaui, Brazil, who likewise experienced significant improvements using IDT. People who learn IDT personally gain from the practice. Extensive research documents benefits to individuals, such as reduced response to stress, less anti-social behavior, reduced domestic violence, and increased hand-eye coordination. Research also reports reductions in post-traumatic stress disorder, doctor visits,alcohol problems, emotional numbness, insomnia, anxiety, family problems, and depression. Holistic growth has been indicated by psycho-physiological means such as increases in global EEG coherence, and through psychological tests of intelligence, moral reasoning, and personality. IDT provides a solution that promises to reduce deaths and casualties without requiring changes in military tactics, special knowledge of combatant operations, or any new knowledge of enemy capabilities or weaknesses. This removes any onus on the concept of change which itself raises a sense of risk among military commanders. Strategic Stress Management (SSM) IDT has also been described as Strategic Stress Management (SSM) in a presentation given at Carlisle Barracks about IDT by COL Brian Rees. The author published comments about the effects of IDT in “55 Trends Now Shaping the Future of Terrorism” in report compiled by Forecasting International and sponsored by the Proteus Management Group, The NationalIntelligence University, Office of the Director of National Intelligence and the Center for Strategic Leadership at the U.S. Army War College. Current Implementations of IDT World-Wide Sufficient numbers of practitioners of the TM and TM-Sidhi program to achieve the Maharishi Effect are currently practicing in groups in five countries: The Netherlands ( Holland ) Trinidad and Tobago Bolivia Peru Colombia In the South American countries listed, the groups consist mostly of school children. While it is noble for civilian groups to take on this responsibility, the military would be a more reliable and appropriate organization to manage IDT deployments. For instance, civilian groups must raise funds, while the military is already being paid to protect the nation from all enemies, foreign and domestic. School children take extended vacations en masse, but the military staggers leave. Countries close to achieving sufficient numbers of IDT practitioners to achieve the Maharishi Effectinclude: India. According to Maj. Gen. Singh (Ret.), India is on the verge of achieving invincibility through civilian groups. United States of America. Approximately 1,700 practitioners of the TM and TM-Sidhi program need to congregate twice daily to produce the Maharishi Effect for the United States. Daily tallies are kept, and this number is currently exceeded once per day (twice per day is the ideal to achieve the full effects of increased societal coherence). The group is composed mostly of American civilians, plus some experts from India. The size of the group is hoped to rise as more experts from India arrive. A square root of one percent calculator has been developed, to determine the approximate size of IDT groups needed any country or population size. About the Author Dr. David R. Leffler received his Ph.D. from The Union Institute & University in Cincinnati, Ohio where he did his doctoral research on the topic of Invincible Military Defense. His other academic degreesinclude: a B.A. in Education and an M.A. in the Science of Creative Intelligence from Maharishi University of Management in Fairfield, Iowa and an M.M. in Education from New Mexico State University at Las Cruces. David was a member of the U.S. Air Force for nearly nine years. David was assigned to Tactical Air Command (TAC), United States Armed Forces in Europe (USAFE), Air Training Command (ATC) and Strategic Air Command (SAC). His military decorations include: the United States Air Force Commendation Medal, the United States Air Force Achievement Medal, the United States National Defense Service Medal, and the United States Air Force Good Conduct Medal, with one oak leaf cluster. Dr. Leffler served as an Associate of the  at the Center for Strategic Leadership, US Army War College and is a member of the U.S. Naval Institute. Proteus published an appendix about Invincible Defence Technology entitled “” that appears in “.” David presented a  at the Korea Institute for Defense Analyses,and at the International Sociological Association Research Committee 01 Seoul National University & Korea Military Academy International Conference on Armed Forces & Conflict Resolution in a Globalized World. He spoke at the “” conference in the Washington, DC. The title of his briefing was “Invincible Defense Technology (IDT) as a Means to Prevent the Implementation of IEDs.” David has over 400 articles published worldwide on the topic of Invincible Defense Technology. Most publications are online at: . Acknowledgements Thank you to Lee Leffler, Dr. John Sorflaten, Dr. Kenneth Walton, Dr. Kurt Kleinschnitz, Dr. Carla Linton Brown and COL Brian Rees, MD for their assistance with this paper. Thank you to Kenneth Walton, Dr. Paul Roochnik and the practitioners of the TM technique in Korea who sponsored my travel expenses so I could attend this conference. References ——————————————————————————– ©Transcendental Meditation, TM, TM-Sidhi, Prevention Wing of the Military, are registered orcommon law trademarks licensed to Maharishi Vedic Education Development Corporation and used under sublicense or with permission. Leffler, DR, Kleinschnitz KW, Walton KG (1999): An alternative to military violence and fear-based deterrence: Twenty years of research on the Maharishi Effect, Security and Political Risk Analysis (SAPRA). Paper is available online at: Hagelin JS, Rainforth MV, Orme-Johnson DW, Cavanaugh KL, Alexander CN, Shatkin SF, Davies JL, Hughes AO, & Ross, E (1999): Effects of group practice of the Transcendental Meditation program on preventing violent crime in Washington D.C.: Results of the National Demonstration Project, June-July, 1993. Social Indicators Research, 47(2): 153-201. Davies, JL & CN Alexander (2005): Alleviating political violence through reducing collective tension: Impact Assessment analysis of the Lebanon war. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 17(1), 285-338. Hagelin, JS (2007): An important message for all military leaders.International Center for Invincible Defense website. Video link: Transcription and full-sized figures link: Orme-Johnson DW, Dillbeck MC, & Alexander CN (2003): Preventing terrorism and international conflict: Effects of large assemblies of participants in the Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi programs. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 36, 283-302. Walton KG, Cavanaugh, KL, & Pugh , ND (2005): Effect of group practice of the Transcendental Meditation program on biochemical indicators of stress in non-meditators: A prospective time series study.Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 17(1), 339-373. Alexander, CN, Cranson, RW, Boyer, RW & Orme-Johnson, DW: Transcendental consciousness: A fourth state of consciousness beyond, sleep, dreaming, and waking. In Sleep and dreams: A sourcebook, edited by J. Gackenbach. Garland, New York, 1987, pp. 282-315. Nelson, R TM Resonance Aggregation. Link to the 2006 IDT effects on Global Correlations in Random Data (Global ConsciousnessProject): Nelson, R September 11, 2001: Exploratory and Contextual Analyses. Link to the 2006 terrorist attacks effects on Global Correlations in Random Data (Global Consciousness Project) Link: Brown, CL (2005): Overcoming barriers to use of promising research among elite Middle East policy groups. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 17(1), 489-543. Brown, CL (1996): Observing the assessment of research information by peer reviewers, newspaper reporters, and potential governmental and non-governmental users: International peace project in the Middle East. (Maharishi Effect.) Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Link: Travis, FT (2006): Are All Meditations the Same? Comparing the Neural Patterns of Mindfulness Meditation, Tibetan Buddhism Kargyu tradition and the Transcendental Meditation Technique. Lecture at the Science of Consciousness conference, Tucson AZ. Link: Comparison of Techniques—Are all forms of meditation and relaxation the same? Link: Van Wijk EPA, Ludtke R, & VanWijk R. (2008): Differential Effects of Relaxation Techniques on Ultraweak Photon Emission. Journal of Alternative & Complementary Medicine, 14, 241-250. For an online summary see: “Ultraweak Photon Emission and Meditation.” Link: Sharma, HM (1993): Freedom from disease. Veda, Toronto. Lieutenant General José Martí Villamil (now retired), a former vice-minister of defense of Ecuador, successfully used IDT to end the war with Peru. Read an article published by India Defence Consultants for more details. Link: An article published by Canadian Centres for Teaching Peace entitled “Invincible Defense—A New “Secret Weapon!” written by scientists and (now retired) Navy SEAL officer describes deployment of, and underlying theory behind, the revolutionary IDT system deployed by Mozambique military. Link: Swan, RP and Horres, EJ (2008): Opportunity at Hand: New Roles for Carriers. Proceedings. June 2008 Vol 134/6/1,264 p. 64. Brazilian military police pictures: Brazilian warriors learnMaharishi’s Invincible Defense Technology as part of their training. Link: Brazilian military research on Invincible Defense Technology. Link: Rees, B (2006): The application of Strategic Stress Management in winning the peace. Academic Workshop sponsored by: The Proteus Management Group, USA. Hosted by the Center for Strategic Leadership United States Army War College 22-24 August 2006. Link: Leffler, DR (2008, February): An Overlooked, Proven Solution to Terrorism. In “55 Trends Now Shaping the Future of Terrorism.” Edited by Dr. Marvin J. Cetron and Owen Davies. The Proteus Trends Series, 1(2) pp. 18, 79, 176, C-13 through C-16. Link: Leffler, DR. Scoreboard of Invincible Nations. Invincible Defense Technology News, 1 January 2008. Link: Singh, K (2008): Invincibility update from India. Invincible Defense Technology News, 1 January 2008. Link: Invincible Defense Technology Worldwide: India. Link: The size of the IDT group for the United States is tallied daily. Link: Square root ofone percent calculator:   The abstract for this paper appeared in the Seoul National University & Korea Military Academy International Conference on Armed Forces & Conflict Resolution in a Globalized World, published by the Other presentations: | Published:Dr. David R. Leffler (Fall 2009). A New Role for the Military: Preventing Enemies from Arising-Reviving an Ancient Approach to Peace. .   A Proven Strategy to End Conflict in South Sudan A new technology of defense is now available that has been scientifically shown to prevent war and create peace by harnessing the deepest level of nature’s functioning. By Maj. Gen. (Ret.) Kulwant Singh and Dr. David Leffler War is ultimately a human problem requiring a human solution. Experts in the field of conflict resolution maintain that the underlying cause of war is accumulated “social stress” – i.e., mounting political, religious and/or ethnic tensions between rival factions in critical hotspots throughout the world. As social stress builds,divisions grow stronger, groups take sides, diplomats become unable to resolve differences, and enemies arise within or outside the nation. Military force may then be invoked to protect the country, resulting in armed conflict and unpredictable outcomes. But even if conflict temporarily solves the problem for the victor, the social stress remains, fueling future cycles of conflict. In contrast, the absence of collective stress translates into the absence of tension between competing sides, thereby reducing the probability of hostilities. Today, the military of the South Sudan has an opportunity to overcome the cycle of war by deploying a scientifically verified technology of defense that neutralizes social stress. This new technology is based on the unified field of all the laws of nature – the most fundamental and powerful level of nature’s functioning. The technology accesses and enlivens this unified field through subjective technologies of consciousness, thereby creating a profoundinfluence of coherence and harmony throughout society that results in measurable reductions of crime, terrorism, and war. The late Maharishi Mahesh Yogi revived systematic subjective technologies for experiencing the unified field, including the Transcendental Meditation program and its advanced techniques. When used in a military context these meditation practices are known as Invincible Defence Technology (IDT). They have been successfully applied by members of many faiths to eliminate conflict. Other militaries in the African region like   Mozambique have already applied these non-lethal and non-destructive technologies to reduce collective societal stress and resulting conflict. Over 50 research studies confirm that when the required threshold of IDT experts is crossed – approximately the square root of 1% of a given population – crime goes down, quality of life indices go up, and war and terrorism abate. Scientists have named this phenomenon the Maharishi Effect, since MaharishiMahesh Yogi first predicted it. The causal mechanism appears to be a field effect of consciousness – a spillover effect on the level of the unified field from the peace-creating group into the larger population. In 1983, a two-month Maharishi Effect intervention in Israel resulted in a 76% reduction in war deaths in neighboring Lebanon (p < 10-7) when group size exceeded the square root of 1% threshold (Journal of Conflict Resolution). Seven subsequent, consecutive experiments over a two-year period during the peak of the Lebanon war found war-related fatalities decreased by 71% (p < 10-10) war-related injuries fell by 68% (p < 10-6) the level of conflict dropped by 48% (p < 10-8) cooperation among antagonists increased by 66% (p < 10-6) The likelihood that these combined results were due to chance is less than one part in 1019 (Journal of Social Behavior and Personality). A global-scale study published in the Journal of Offender Rehabilitation documented a 72% drop in internationalterrorism.   The South Sudan military is responsible for defending its citizens. It can now succeed in this mission simply by creating a Prevention Wing – a group of IDT experts. The size of the Prevention Wing would be in the hundreds – approximately the square root of 1% of the population of the country. As part of its responsibility to protect the nation, the South Sudan military is obligated to thoroughly examine scientifically proven methods for preventing war and terrorism. With the IDT approach, all that is necessary is to provide the proper training for groups of military personnel – or indeed, any sizable group within the nation. The South Sudan military has the opportunity today through IDT to create national security, invincibility, and peace. But the time to act is now. About the Authors: Major General (Ret.) Kulwant Singh, U.Y.S.M., Ph.D., leads an international group of generals and defense experts that advocates Invincible Defense Technology. He was awarded the UttamYudh Sewa Medal, the second highest decoration for senior officers during operations in Sri Lanka as part of IPKF (Indian Peace Keeping Force). David Leffler, Ph.D., is Executive Director of the Center for Advanced Military Science (CAMS). . He served as an Associate of the Proteus Management Group at the Center for Strategic Leadership, US Army War College. Dr. Leffler is the author of   “”  A New Role for the Military: Preventing Enemies from Arising – Reviving an Ancient Approach to Peace.”